Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light through a semiconductor. Semiconductors create visible light when a current causes electrons to transfer between one atom to an atom missing an electron. Light photons illuminate the LED as energy is released. The lights illuminate everything from automobile dashboards to athletic stadiums and can carry short-range optical signals for remote controls and telecommunications. We will discuss the LED fabrication process, the benefits of LED lighting,and choosing an LED glass panel to make your LED installation project a success.

LED Lighting & Its Benefits

LED lighting reduces energy consumption by up to 90% compared to standard bulbs, and reaches an average lifespan of 50,000 hours, or 40 times longer than standard bulbs. The diode of the LED is encased in an epoxy resin, providing improved durability over the filaments of incandescent lights. LEDs can resist vibrations, impacts, and shocks. They are also ideal lighting solutions in extremely high or low temperatures.

LED lights provide the following benefits:

• Low-voltage operation
• Instant illumination
• Design versatility
• UV and heat-free illumination
• Perform in harsh conditions

What Materials Go Into an LED?

Diodes in LED lighting consist of semiconductor layers measuring 0.5 microns or less. Each layer alternates between an excess and a deficit of electrons, allowing the electrons to pass between the layers to create light energy.

Manufacturers can manipulate the electron density through impurities called dopants in the semiconductor. Impurities in higher densities allow the crystalline structure within the semiconductor to conduct electricity. LED manufacturers prefer gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), gallium phosphide (GaP), and gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors to create distinct LED light colors. The impurities are intentionally added during the doping process to enhance the lighting. 

Impurities or dopants include:

• Tellurium
• Germanium
• Silicon
• Nitrogen
• Zinc

Manufacturers attach wires to the semiconductor using a silver or gold compound to chemically bond the conductor to the surface and allow an electrical current to run through it. An epoxy resin encasing the LED allows manufacturers to change the optical properties and appearance of the LED. They can scatter, pinpoint, or shape the light and tint the plastic for more color variation.

How is LED Lighting Made?

LED lighting is made in the following four steps:

• Making Semiconductor Wafers: Phosphor, arsenic, and/or gallium are combined in a pressure- and temperature-controlled chamber. The liquefied materials are deposited on a rod to create an ingot. Wafers are sliced from the ingot, smoothed, and dipped in a solution to remove contaminants.
• Adding Additional Layers: Micron thick layers of crystal and dopants are added to the wafer using the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) process, where crystal layers are grown by depositing molten GaAsp mixed with dopants on the wafer. Dopants can also be added in a high-temperature furnace containing gaseous dopants.
• Adding Metal Contacts: A photoresist compound is deposited on the wafer as it spins to create a predetermined pattern on its surface. The compound hardens at temperatures of around 215 °F and the wafer is exposed to UV light, creating a duplicate pattern on the photoresist. The exposed areas are filled by evaporating contact metal on the wafer in a high-temperature vacuum-sealed chamber. The LED is placed in a furnace with an inert hydrogen or nitrogen atmosphere and heated to bond the metal to the wafer surface. The wafers are snapped on a crystal plane or sawed with a diamond-tipped saw to create up to 6000 dies.
• Mounting: The dies are mounted to a package, and the back of the die receives a metal coating to form an electrical contact. The assembly is sealed in molded epoxy to form the desired shape.

Choosing the Right Glass for LED Lighting

Facilities like indoor farms, stadiums, warehouses, and commercial buildings demand glass panels for LED lighting parts. At Swift Glass, we have manufactured glass panels for the leading LED installers, offering thermal tempering for high-strength glass and specialty glass. Swift Glass is the oldest US-based tempered glass supplier. We offer various machining services and materials to deliver ideal LED glass solutions, including:

• A range of options, including patterned, float, and Borosilicate glass
• High-volume CNC cutting capabilities
• Edge polishing
• Chemical strengthening
• Hole drilling

Swift Glass: Your Partner for LED Lighting and Glass Solutions

Swift Glass is a national leader in manufacturing lighting glass and LED glass panels. We have more than 80 years of experience in the industry and are trusted by the nation’s largest LED installers. Rely on our various capabilities, including thermal tempering to increase glass strength, specialty glass, and machining services. Swift Glass is your superior partner for commercial LED lighting and glass solutions. Visit our lighting applications page or contact us to learn more about our LED lighting systems and request a quote today to partner with Swift Glass.